pg 100
the smile gave way to a feminine look of Florence Nightingale concern.
Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night.
Early 21st century commentators have asserted Nightingale's achievements in the Crimean War had been exaggerated by the media at the time, to satisfy the public's need for a hero. But her later achievements remain widely accepted.
In 1860, Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of King's College London. The Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses was named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world on her birthday. Her social reforms include improving healthcare for all sections of British society; improving healthcare and advocating for better hunger relief in India; helping to abolish laws regulating prostitution that were overly harsh to women; and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce.
Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills.
She helped popularize the graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.
Nightingale was born to a wealthy upper-class family, at a time when women of her class were expected to focus on marriage and child bearing. Religious inspiration led her to devote her life to serving others, both directly and as a reformer. Nightingale rejected proposals of marriage so as to be free to pursue her calling. Her father had progressive social views, providing his daughter with a well rounded education that included maths, and supported her desire to lead an active life. Nightingale's ability to effect reform rested on her exceptional analytic skills, her high reputation, and her network of influential friends. Starting in her mid thirties, she suffered from chronic poor health, but continued working almost until her death at the age of ninety.
she could take shorthand a shade faster
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that
increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to a normal method of
writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphē or graphie (writing). It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys (short) and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal.
Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides
symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow
someone well trained in the system to write as quickly as people speak.
Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating
approaches. Several autocomplete
programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word
lists, also include a shorthand function for often used phrases.
Shorthand was used more widely in the past, before the invention of recording and dictation machines.
Shorthand was considered an essential part of secretarial training as
well as being useful for journalists. Although the primary use of
shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, some systems
are used for compact expression. For example, health-care professionals
may use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. Shorthand
notes are typically temporary, intended either for immediate use or for
later transcription to longhand, although longer term uses do exist, diaries (like that of the famous Samuel Pepys) being a common example
Pitman shorthand
Taylor's system was superseded by Pitman Shorthand, first introduced in 1837 by Sir Isaac Pitman,
and improved many times since. Pitman's system has been used all over
the English-speaking world and has been adapted to many other languages,
including Latin. Pitman's system uses a phonemic orthography. For this reason, it is sometimes known as phonography, meaning 'sound writing' in Greek. One of the reasons this system allows fast transcription is that vowel
sounds are optional when only consonants are needed to determine a
word. The availability of a full range of vowel symbols, however, makes
possible complete accuracy. Isaac's brother Benn Pitman, who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, was responsible for introducing the method to America.
The record for fast writing with Pitman shorthand is 350 wpm during a
two-minute test by Nathan Behrin in 1922, although this result has been
questioned.[citation needed]
Gregg shorthand
Pitman shorthand is still in widespread use, but in the U.S. and some other parts of the world it has been largely superseded by Gregg shorthand, which was first published in 1888 by John Robert Gregg.
This system was influenced by the handwriting shapes that Gabelsberger
had introduced. Gregg's shorthand, like Pitman's, is phonetic, but has
the simplicity of being "light-line." Pitman's system uses thick and
thin strokes to distinguish related sounds, while Gregg's uses only thin
strokes and makes some of the same distinctions by the length of the
stroke.
In fact, Gregg claimed joint authorship in another shorthand system published in pamphlet form by one Thomas Stratford Malone; Malone, however, claimed sole authorship and a legal battle ensued.[16]
The two systems use very similar, if not identical, symbols; however,
these symbols are used to represent different sounds. For instance, on
page 10 of the manual is the word d i m 'dim'; however, in the Gregg
system the spelling would actually mean n u k or 'nook'.
"The admiral's extrasensory perception must be working overtime."
Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine in the 1930s to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy, clairaudience, and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP is also sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense, gut instinct or hunch, which are historical English idioms. It is also sometimes referred to as intuition.
The term implies acquisition of information by means external to the
basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only
receive information from the past to the present.
Parapsychology is the pseudoscientific[1] study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychologists generally regard such tests as the ganzfeld experiment as providing compelling evidence for the existence of ESP. The scientific community
rejects ESP due to the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a
theory which would explain ESP, and the lack of experimental techniques
which can provide reliably positive results
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